Cancer is not just one disease, but a large
group of almost one hundred diseases. Its two main characteristics are uncontrolled
growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of these cells to migrate
from the original site and spread to distant sites. If the spread is not controlled,
cancer can result in death.
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display
uncontrolled growth (division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion
on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to
other locations in the body via lymph or blood). These three malignant properties
of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited, do
not invade or metastasize. Most cancers form a tumor but some, like leukemia,
do not.
Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but the
risk for most varieties increases with age.
Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic
material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects
of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents.
Other cancer-promoting genetic abnormalities may be randomly acquired through
errors in DNA replication, or are inherited, and thus present in all cells from
birth. The heritability of cancers are usually affected by complex interactions
between carcinogens and the host's genome. New aspects of the genetics of cancer
pathogenesis, such as DNA methylation, and microRNAs are increasingly recognized
as important.
Modern cancer medicines. Drugs used for cancer.
Casodex
BICALUTAMIDE (Casodex®) blocks the effect of the male hormone called testosterone. Prostate cancer responds to the removal of androgens. Bicalutamide is used in combination with another medicine
METHOTREXATE is a type of chemotherapy that is used to treat certain kinds of cancer and other diseases. Methotrexate affects cells that are rapidly growing such as cancer cells, cells of psoriasis, and cells in your mouth and stomach. Methotrexate is used to treat many different types of cancers including leukemias, lymphoma, breast cancer, and others. Lower dose of methotrexate may be given to patients with psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis
HYDROXYUREA (Droxia®, Hydrea®) is used to treat sickle cell disease or certain types of cancer. Hydroxyurea is used for treating cancers of the blood, skin, ovary and head and neck. Hydroxyurea is also used to decrease the painful episodes associated with sickle cell disease. Hydroxyurea does not cure sickle cell disease, but may help to control the symptoms when used on a regular basis
TAMOXIFEN (Nolvadex) is used for treating breast cancer that has spread to other sites in the body. It is also used along with other medicines to treat other types of breast cancer. It is used in women who are at high risk for breast cancer and in women with DCIS (after surgery and radiation) to decrease the risk of developing breast cancer.
Tamoxifen is an antiestrogen. It works by blocking the effect of estrogen on certain tumors. This may prevent the growth of tumors that are activated by estrogen.
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